Background
The use of Stevia rebauidiana Bertoni to sweeten beverages has been known for centuries by the Guaraní people of South America.[1],[2] However it was not until 1976 that Japanese researchers isolated and characterised the rebaudiosides A and B as being two of the compounds that were responsible for sweetening.[3]
In 2011, The Coca-Cola Company and PureCircle identified rebaudioside M (Reb M, also known as Reb X) as another sweet component,[4],[5] which was made the subject of a patent application for a sweetened beverage composition.[6] Acceptance of the corresponding Australian application was opposed by a patent attorney firm,[7] and the opposition failed on all grounds.
Under Australian law, any person can oppose the grant of a patent application, which allows for the installation of a “straw man” opponent to conceal the identity of the “true” opponent.
In 2015, Suntory Holdings Limited sought to patent a carbonated beverage comprising both Reb M and Reb A which in combination provided the function that “foaming is suppressed”. Following acceptance, a different straw man (another patent attorney) opposed the grant of that patent – the Commissioner of Patent’s decision for which we discuss below.[8]
1) Clarity
After entering the national phase in Australia, the claims of Suntory’s application were placed in line with those accepted by the Japanese Patent office[9] and examination was requested under the Global Patent Prosecution Highway (GPPH). The application was accepted with claim 1 (emphasis added):
A carbonated beverage filled into a container, in which foaming is suppressed, wherein the beverage satisfies the following requirements:
a content of RebA is 250 ppm or less,
a content of RebM is 486 ppm or less,
(RebM/RebA) is 2.5 or more in a mass ratio,
a total content of RebA and RebM is 0.5 to 11.5 in Brix in terms of sucrose,
a content of caffeine is 1 to 200 ppm,
and a gas pressure of carbon dioxide gas is 2.15 kgf/cm2 or more when measured at 20°C.
In opposing the application, the straw man asserted that the expression “foaming is suppressed” lacked clarity and the Commissioner agreed. Specifically, there was no internal dictionary definition provided in the specification for the expression and the evidence showed that it could either be interpreted subjectively (“I know it when I see it”) or with reference to specific features in a dependent claim which would therefore make one of the claims redundant.[10] The opposition was successful on this basis alone.
Under Australian examination practice, even when examination is expedited under the GPPH, the examiner should still consider all grounds of examination.[11] In our experience, however, Australian examiners only cursorily examine applications that make use of the GPPH process compared with how other patent offices examine GPPH applications. In many instances that cursory examination is beneficial to the applicant seeking fast and cheap acceptance, but making use of the GPPH runs the risk of avoiding the scrutiny that a local patent attorney may offer to the proposed claims.
In this case, reference to a relative term (“foaming is suppressed”) without providing any comparator, or being confident that it is well understood in the field of technology, should have caused some concern. However, the examiner merely noted a typographical error in the term without suggesting that it was otherwise objectionable. It is surprising that the term survived three years between when the issue was first raised by the opponent and the proceeding was heard, despite numerous other amendment requests being made in the interim – particularly when the term itself seemed to serve no purpose in distinguishing the prior art.
The expression “foaming is suppressed” is present in the claims granted for the corresponding United States patents[12], Canadian patent[13] and New Zealand opposed application,[14] but not in Europe[15] - a jurisdiction where the use of such an expression would routinely attract an Art. 84 objection.
2) Novelty
Prior art document D1 discloses an orange-flavoured sparkling beverage in example 7 which was prepared from Reb X having a purity of 97.3%.[16] The Commissioner noted that Reb X (D1) was the same compound as Reb M of the opposed application by comparing the chemical structures.
The opponent submitted that the Reb X preparation contained trace levels of Reb A as an impurity and thus the use of Reb X in D1 anticipated the claimed invention. Whilst it was known from extraneous material that commercially available Reb X/Reb M products were sold that contained Reb A as an impurity, there was no substantive evidence that the specific Reb X used to make the beverage in D1 had trace levels of Reb A. The opponent argued that HPLC traces of the Reb X preparation with 97.3% purity that were provided in D1 indicated that Reb A was apparent as a minor peak. However, the Commissioner disagreed and considered that the evidence did not show that Reb A was inevitably present, to the extent that the strict standard for inherency (novelty) was met.
As an aside, the opponent could have attempted to replicate the HPLC conditions disclosed in D1 which even stated that Reb A was found at a retention time of 5.5 minutes. Alternatively, a technique such as LC/MS could have been performed on a suitable sample to identify the quantum and mass of the peak asserted to be Reb A. But none of that evidence was presented, instead reliance was placed on the opinion of an expert that was not based on fact. It would have been open to the Commissioner to conclude that the definitive information was not presented by the opponent since it would not have helped it.
3) Inventive step
One of the accepted tests in Australia for inventive step is the reformulated Cripps question[17] which asks:
“Would the person skilled in the art (in all the circumstances) directly be led as a matter of course to try the claimed invention in the expectation that it might well produce a solution to the problem?”
The opponent relied on D1 and D5 for inventive step,15 but both citations were silent on the disclosed problem of suppressing foaming to any degree. Hence, without foreshadowing the problem, the solution to that problem could not have been obvious from D1 or D5.
And so, the opponent argued that the skilled person would nevertheless have arrived at the claimed invention from either of the citations in trying to alternatively develop a better tasting beverage.[18] Such a “bonus effect” attack failed - the Commissioner disagreeing that the steps taken by one of the experts relied on by the opponent would have been considered routine.
Further thoughts
Perhaps unrelatedly, we note the Commissioner’s comment that:
“the Opponent appears to be more concerned about whether a purified Reb X product can be used in a Coca-Cola Life® type beverage”[19]
We also note that the opponent, despite himself being a patent attorney, was represented by the same counsel and firm of patent attorneys that represented The Coca-Cola Company and PureCircle the year earlier. Further, Suntory’s opposed patent application was originally prosecuted by another firm that routinely acts for The Coca-Cola Company before the application was transferred to a different firm as soon as the notice of opposition was filed - which is consistent with meeting a patent attorney’s fiduciary obligations under the Code of Conduct for Trans-Tasman Patent Attorneys where both the opponent and the applicant were clients of the patent attorney.
Clearly, this field of technology is hotly contested by a small number of large, innovative companies. Those companies will likely have overlapping IP rights, and it may be detrimental to ongoing commercial negotiations to reveal the identities of the “true” opponents. However, in this instance, it would be reasonable to suggest that any anonymity was either thinly veiled or alternatively, to these authors’ surprise, soda-ceptive.
Next steps
- Find out more FICPI's Study & Work Group on International Patent Matters.
FICPI’s view and involvement
- FICPI is the only organisation exclusively for independent IP attorneys. The organisation uniquely combines education and advocacy on topics around patents and trade marks, with a focus on developing the professional excellence of its individual members. FICPI brings independent IP attorneys around the world together to connect, share knowledge and grow.
- Events such as FICPI’s 2022 World Congress offer the opportunity to attend plenaries, workshops and breakouts, and to meet and further discussions in congenial surroundings.
References
[1] Lewis, W.H. “Early uses of Stevia rebaudiana (Asteraceae) leaves as a sweetener in Paraguay” Econ. Bot. 1992, 46, 336-337.
[2] Giuffré, L.; Romaniuk, R.; Ciarlo, E. “Stevia, ka'a he'e, wild sweet herb from South America -An overview” Emir. J. Food Agric. 2013, 25(10), 746-750.
[3] Kohda, H.; Kasai, R.; Yamasaki, K.; Murakami, K.; Tanaka, O. “New sweet diterpene glucosides from Stevia rebaudiana” Phytochemistry 1976, 15, 981-998.
[4] Prakash, I.; Chaturvedula, V.S.P.; Markosyan, A. “Isolation, characterization and sensory evaluation of a hexa β-D-glucopyranosyl diterpene from Stevia rebaudiana.” Nat. Prod. Commun. 2013, 8, 1523-1526.
[5] Prakash, I.; Markosyan, A.; Chaturvedulla, V.S.P.; Campbell, M.; San Miguel, R.; Purkayastha, S.; Johnson, M. “Methods for Purifying Steviol Glycosides and Uses of the Same” PCT Patent Application WO 2013/096420, 27 June 2013.
[6] Australian Application No. 2018200689, family member of PCT Patent Application WO 2013/096420.
[7] Spicer Spicer Pty Ltd. V The Coca-Cola Company & PureCircle Sdn Bhd [2021] APO 31 (11 August 2021).
[8] Steven Borovec v Suntory Holdings Limited [2022] APO 33 (13 May 2022).
[9] JP 6109437.
[10] Steven Borovec v Suntory Holdings Limited [2022] APO 33 at [50].
[11] Patent Manual of Practice and Procedure 2.13.4.4.
[12] US 9,826,769 and 9,907,326
[13] CA 2963052 which was subject to expedited examination under the GPPH based on JP 6109437.
[14] NZ 730943.
[15] 3202269 and 3677122.
[16] Steven Borovec v Suntory Holdings Limited [2022] APO 33 at [94] and [95].
[17] Aktiebolaget Hassle v Alphapharm Pty Ltd [2002] HCA 59.
[18] Steven Borovec v Suntory Holdings Limited [2022] APO 33 at [144].
[19] Steven Borovec v Suntory Holdings Limited [2022] APO 33 at [147].